Xayah: The Rebel

Xayah is a champion in League of Legends played in the Bottom lane, classified as a Marksman. She uses Mana (340 – 1126.6) and deals Physical damage. Xayah was released on April 19, 2017, and was last updated in patch V26.04. Store price: 2400 Blue Essence / 880 RP.

📊 Base Statistics

💡 0 – 76.69% Bonus AS — Highest Attack Speed Ratio Among Standard ADCs: Xayah’s 76.69% bonus AS cap is significantly higher than most ADCs — for comparison, Jinx caps at 53.3% and Caitlyn at 56.2%. This high AS cap means Xayah scales more aggressively with AS items and W’s 55% bonus AS buff. The practical impact: with Kraken Slayer + Runaan’s Hurricane + W active, Xayah reaches attack speeds that fire Clean Cuts feathers at an accelerated rate, stacking Feathers on multiple targets simultaneously across the entire teamfight area. The high bonus AS cap also accelerates Q’s cast time reduction (0.25 → 0.1 seconds based on bonus AS), making high-AS Xayah fire Double Daggers significantly faster than low-AS Xayah.

🪶 Passive: Clean Cuts

INNATE: Feathers shot by Xayah will linger and be planted in the ground at maximum range for 6 seconds. Xayah’s ability casts generate 3 stacks of Clean Cuts lasting 8 seconds (refreshing on subsequent casts, stacking up to 5). Empowered autos consume a stack on-attack to shoot a Feather dealing the triggering attack’s damage to the primary target and 35–55% AD physical damage to other enemies hit. Secondary target damage can critically strike for (200% + 30%) if the triggering attack does.

LOVER’S LEAP: If either Xayah or Rakan channels Recall, the other may move nearby and channel their own to join. Both reach base at the time of which the initiator’s Recall completes.

💡 Clean Cuts Feather Stacking — The Geometric Burst Engine: Clean Cuts is what makes Xayah’s kit unique: every ability cast deposits 3 stacks that each convert an auto into a Feather-planting event. Five stacks means 5 consecutive autos each plant a Feather simultaneously with their attack. At 525 range, Feathers travel to max range and plant — creating a Feather field at exactly 525 units from Xayah’s position. The geometric implication: Feathers fired in different directions during kiting form a spread-out field. The optimal play pattern is to move laterally during Clean Cuts stacks rather than standing still — lateral movement while firing stacked autos creates a fan-shaped Feather field that covers wider ground for E recall. A stationary Xayah stacks Feathers in a straight line, which is easiest for enemies to avoid; a kiting Xayah creates an arc of Feathers that multiple enemies may intersect simultaneously.

🗡️ Q: Double Daggers

ACTIVE: Xayah barrages two Feathers in the target direction, each dealing physical damage to enemies hit. Targets hit after the first take 50% reduced damage. Q plants 2 Feathers at maximum range — each cast contributing to the Feather field for E recall.

💡 Q Cast Time Scales with Bonus AS — High-AS Poke Acceleration: Double Daggers’ cast time reduces from 0.25 to 0.1 seconds at high bonus AS — the minimum represents a 60% cast time reduction at maximum AS. With W active (55% bonus AS) + AS items: Q fires at approximately 0.12–0.13 second cast time rather than 0.25. The practical impact: in rapid poke exchanges, high-AS Xayah fires Q twice in the time low-AS Xayah fires it once. Each Q cast deposits 2 Feathers at 1100 range AND generates 3 Clean Cuts stacks — rapid-fire Q spamming with high AS simultaneously pokes the enemy AND pre-loads a Feather field faster than they can clear the zone.

⚡ W: Deadly Plumage

ACTIVE: Xayah enters a frenzy for 4 seconds, gaining bonus attack speed and causing her basic attacks to be empowered to fire an additional smaller feather on-hit dealing 25% of the triggering attack’s damage. Whenever Xayah hits an enemy champion with the strike, she gains 30% bonus MS for 1.5 seconds. If Rakan is nearby upon cast, he also becomes empowered and gains the bonus MS at the same time as Xayah.

💡 W Extra Feather On-Hit + Clean Cuts Stack = Double Feather Per Auto: During W, each basic attack fires two feathers simultaneously: one from the Clean Cuts stack consumption (35–55% AD to secondary targets, plants at max range) and one from W’s 25% damage on-hit (does NOT plant — this is a damage bonus only, not a planted Feather). The Clean Cuts Feather is the planted one; the W on-hit Feather is additional damage that doesn’t contribute to the E recall field. This distinction matters: W gives DPS burst from the 25% extra hit on top of Clean Cuts’ already-active Feather stacking, not instead of it. During W with 5 Clean Cuts stacks: 5 rapid autos each deal the standard auto damage + 35–55% AD to secondary targets + 25% extra on-hit to the primary target — three separate damage instances per auto frame.

🪃 E: Bladecaller

ACTIVE: Xayah recalls all planted Feathers to shoot back to her, each dealing physical damage to enemies hit, increased by 0% – 50% + 0% – 15% based on critical strike chance. Bladecaller deals 50% damage to minions. An enemy takes 100% – 10% damage per previous Feather hit from each subsequent Feather. A target hit by at least three Feathers is rooted for 1.25 seconds

💡 E Damage Decay vs Root — The Feather Positioning Trade-Off: E’s damage decays 10% per previous Feather hit: first Feather = 100% damage, second = 90%, third = 80%… but the root triggers at exactly 3 Feathers. A target hit by exactly 3 Feathers receives: 100% + 90% + 80% = 270% of base damage = 270% of (110 + 40% bonus AD) at max rank. A target hit by 6 Feathers receives: 100% + 90% + 80% + 70% + 60% + 50% = 450% total damage but only one 1.25-second root. The 3-Feather root is not proportional to total Feathers — hitting 10 Feathers provides the same root as hitting 3. Therefore the minimum number of Feathers needed for maximum root value is 3, and additional Feathers beyond 3 provide diminishing damage but no additional CC. In a gank setup: positioning 3 Feathers under a single target is sufficient for the 1.25-second root — overkilling with 6-8 Feathers on one target wastes Feather field coverage that could root an additional target separately.

💡 Crit Scaling on E — The Infinity Edge Synergy: E’s crit damage scaling: base 50–110 per Feather + 40% bonus AD, increased 0–50% + 0–15% from crit chance. At 100% crit chance: +50% +15% = +65% total damage multiplier on E. At max rank E: (110 + 40% bonus AD) × 1.65 = 181.5 + 66% bonus AD per Feather at 100% crit. Against a target hit by 3 Feathers at 100% crit (200 bonus AD): (110 + 80) × 1.65 = 313.5 per Feather × (100% + 90% + 80%) total decay = approximately 850 physical damage from 3 Feathers at 100% crit. This is why Xayah builds crit items aggressively — every additional 10% crit chance increases E’s total damage by ~10%+ per Feather stack.

🌪️ R: Featherstorm

ACTIVE: Xayah leaps into the air, becoming ghosted and untargetable for 1.5 seconds. After 1 second, she shoots 5 Feathers in a cone in the target direction dealing physical damage to enemies hit. Xayah is unable to basic attack or cast abilities during Featherstorm, but can still move. The 5 fired Feathers plant in the ground and can be recalled with E

💡 R → E Immediate Follow-Up — The 5-Feather Instant Root: Featherstorm plants exactly 5 Feathers in the ground after firing. These 5 Feathers can be immediately recalled with E when Xayah lands (1.5 seconds after R cast). Against a target hit by all 5 R Feathers: E recalling them immediately creates a 5-Feather burst dealing (100% + 90% + 80% + 70% + 60%) = 400% total Feather damage + root (from 3+ Feathers). At max rank E with 100% crit and 200 bonus AD: 313.5 per Feather (max rank E crit) × 400% decay sum = approximately 1254 physical damage + 1.25-second root. The R → E combo delivers: 400 + 100% bonus AD (from R itself) + 1254+ damage from E = over 1650 physical damage burst. The 1.5-second untargetable window lets Xayah dodge a burst ability (Zed R, Syndra R) and land a full 5-Feather E setup simultaneously — dodge and burst in one activation.

💡 R Untargetable + Move — The Ability Dodge Window: During R’s 1.5 seconds, Xayah is completely untargetable — all targeted abilities and basic attacks pass through her. She can still move during this window, repositioning for optimal post-R E angles or stepping out of AoE ground-targeted abilities like Viktor R ticks or Karthus Q zones. The 0.5 seconds between R activation and Feather fire (fires at 1 second, R ends at 1.5 seconds) can be used to rotate toward the optimal 30° cone angle for maximum target coverage. Activating R reactively against incoming burst (Zed R applied, Rengar jumped, MF Bullet Time channeling) negates the damage with full untargetability while simultaneously setting up the R → E follow-up burst.

🎯 Strategies and Gameplay Tips

Early Game (Levels 1–6)

• Q Double Feather Lane Poke: Q’s 1100 range exceeds the standard 525 attack range by 575 units — fire Q from outside the enemy’s auto-attack retaliation range during lane. The two Feathers travel in a line from Xayah’s position outward; position so both Feathers pass through the enemy champion for first-target full damage (45–105 + 50% bonus AD per Feather at various ranks). At rank 3 Q with 50 bonus AD: 75 + 25 = 100 physical per Feather × 2 Feathers = 200 physical damage per Q from outside auto range. Two Q casts in lane before the enemy can close the gap = 400 physical poke with no retaliation risk.
• Clean Cuts Stack Management in Lane: Each ability cast generates 3 Clean Cuts stacks (max 5). Maintain 4–5 stacks before trades by using Q or W off-cooldown against minions or the enemy champion. With 5 stacks active, 5 consecutive empowered autos each deposit a Feather — in a trade window where the enemy commits to a melee engagement, 5 autos + E recall can root them if the Feather spread lands 3+ on the same target. Never let stacks sit at 5 for extended periods without triggering autos — the stacks expire and the 8-second window closes.
• Pre-6 E Root Setup: The most reliable E root before Featherstorm: Q (plants 2 Feathers at 1100 range) → W (activate, 55% bonus AS) → 3 fast autos consuming 3 Clean Cuts stacks (3 more Feathers planted laterally from movement). 5 total Feathers planted toward the enemy → E recall immediately → all 5 travel back, hitting the same target for damage decay + 1.25-second root. The W bonus AS is the key: it fires the 3 stacked autos fast enough that the Feathers from autos land near the Q Feathers before the enemy can reposition away from the recall path.

Mid Game (Levels 7–13)

• W + Clean Cuts Teamfight Feather Stacking: In team fights, the correct W activation timing is the moment multiple enemies are grouped within auto range — W’s 55% AS drives rapid Clean Cuts consumption, each auto depositing Feathers in the direction of the attack. Against 3 grouped enemies at 525 range: each Clean Cuts auto hits primary for full damage, spreads 55% AD to secondary targets, and plants a Feather at max range behind the group. After 3–4 autos through the group, E recall pulls all Feathers back through them — the Feather paths cross through all 3 targets, multiple Feathers hitting each for root triggers. This is Xayah’s primary AoE CC delivery: auto through the group while kiting, then E when Feather count is sufficient.
• Q + Auto Lateral Kite Pattern: The optimal kiting pattern for Feather field creation: step sideways → Q (2 Feathers planted ahead along kite path) → auto (Feather planted at right angle from movement) → step sideways → auto → Q. This creates a diagonal Feather spread rather than a straight line, covering a wider area for E recall. When the enemy chases the lateral kite, they walk into the returning Feather path from multiple angles simultaneously. A straight-line kite creates Feathers that return along the same line; a lateral kite creates Feathers that return from multiple directions across a wider zone.
• R Reactive Dodge + Offensive Follow-Up: Featherstorm should be used reactively against the ability that would otherwise burst Xayah dead, not proactively as an opener. Against Zed’s Death Mark detonation (3-second timer), R at 2.5 seconds into the timer avoids the detonation and plants 5 Feathers around Zed’s position. E immediately after landing recalls those 5 Feathers through Zed — the champion who just tried to assassinate Xayah receives a 1.25-second root and 1250+ burst back. This R reactive usage simultaneously nullifies their primary damage and converts it into a counterattack setup.

Late Game (Level 14+)

• Full Teamfight R → E Combo: The maximum damage R → E sequence: R aimed at the carry cluster (30° cone covering 3 enemies if properly angled) → fires 5 Feathers at 1-second mark → land at 1.5 seconds → E immediately. If all 5 Feathers hit one carry: 400% Feather decay sum × (110 + 40% bonus AD) × 1.65 (100% crit) = ~1250 damage from E alone + 400 + 100% bonus AD from R itself. Against a 2000 HP squishy ADC: R (400 + 250 bonus AD = 650 physical) + E 5-Feather (1250+) = 1900+ physical damage before armor mitigation. Against 100 armor: mitigation reduces to ~950 physical — still one-shot potential against 2000 HP squishies with sufficient armor pen items.
• Feather Field Pre-Placement at Objectives: Before Baron/Dragon fights begin, use Q and auto-attacks through the objective area to plant Feathers in advance. Standing at dragon pit entrance, fire Q repeatedly through the choke point. When enemies enter for the contest, E immediately recalls all pre-planted Feathers through the chokepoint — anyone walking through the choke receives the E recall without Xayah needing to activate W or spend additional CDs in the fight. Pre-placed Feather fields in chokepoints are effectively free root attempts that cost only the 8-second stack duration and Q mana investment before the fight.
• Crit Build E Damage Math: At full crit build (100% crit from items): every E Feather deals (110 + 40% bonus AD) × 1.65 = 181.5 + 66% bonus AD physical. Against a target hit by 3 Feathers (root + damage): 313.5 + 114.4% bonus AD total from E root combo. The Infinity Edge passive amplifying crit damage (critical strikes deal 230% damage instead of 200%, 70% instead of 40% bonus) converts E’s 65% crit bonus to even higher values. At 230% crit: the crit damage scaling portion of E increases proportionally. Building Infinity Edge as a third or fourth item (after establishing crit baseline) provides the largest per-item E damage increase of any Xayah item.

❌ Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

• Firing E Before Sufficient Feathers Are Placed: The most common Xayah mistake: pressing E the moment any Feather is planted, dealing 1-Feather damage with no root. Minimum 3 Feathers on a target = root. Never E with fewer than 3 Feathers unless finishing a kill on a low-HP target where damage matters more than the root. Count Feathers before committing E — the 6-second linger duration and Q’s 2 Feathers per cast mean building to 5–6 Feathers before E is achievable within one trade window at normal ability cycling pace.
• Standing Still During Clean Cuts Stacks: Stationary Feather planting creates a straight-line field behind Xayah’s position — enemies can step out of the narrow recall path trivially. Move laterally during Clean Cuts stack consumption to fan out the Feather spread. Each lateral step during an auto creates a Feather at a slightly different angle, widening the return path when E recalls them. Against an enemy directly in front of Xayah, lateral kiting creates Feathers that return from the side of their body rather than straight-on — harder to dodge a spread than a straight line
• R Used Proactively Instead of Reactively: Featherstorm’s primary value is the 1.5-second untargetable dodge of burst abilities. Using R as an engage tool wastes the dodge window — Xayah fires the Feathers forward into a team that isn’t currently killing her, plants 5 Feathers, and then becomes targetable again facing a fully-intact enemy team. Save R for the moment an assassin commits their burst or an AoE ultimate is channeling at Xayah. Post-R landing with 5 Feathers on the ground provides the burst setup — the Feather field from R is the offensive payoff, but the defensive untargetability is the primary use case.
• Wasting W Without Champion Proximity: W’s 30% bonus MS triggers only when hitting an enemy champion, not minions. Activating W during a minion wave for attack speed provides the 25% extra on-hit damage on minions but does not provide the MS bonus unless an enemy champion is within range. The W bonus MS (30% for 1.5 seconds) is critical for kite patterns — activating W when enemies are too far away means firing W autos against minions without gaining the escape tool that enables safe champion-range kiting afterward.
• Not Accounting for Feather Decay Against Multiple Targets: Each individual Feather can only hit one target per pass (once each direction), and damage decays 10% per previous Feather hit on the same target — not globally. Against 3 separate targets: each receives the first Feather at 100% damage, second Feather at 100% damage (different target), etc. Spreading Feathers across multiple targets maximizes total damage output and creates multiple simultaneous root setups. Stacking 8 Feathers on one target after the third root is diminishing returns; those additional 5 Feathers could have been distributed across 2 additional targets for 3-Feather roots on each

⚙️ Recommended Build and Itemization

Core Items

• Kraken Slayer: True damage every 3rd auto bypasses armor against tanks, critical for Xayah’s sustained damage pattern. AS increases Clean Cuts stack consumption speed and W’s effectiveness. Crit for E scaling (0–65% E damage boost at 100% crit). The true damage proc fires during W frenzy and Clean Cuts empowered autos simultaneously — three separate damage sources on a single auto frame.
• Runaan’s Hurricane: The single most important AS and AoE item for Xayah. Runaan’s bolts are separate projectiles — each Runaan bolt counts as an auto for Clean Cuts stack generation purposes, creating additional Feathers from the bolt hit at max range. In a grouped fight with 3 enemies: one Xayah auto fires 3 bolts (Runaan) + 1 Clean Cuts Feather + 1 W extra feather = 5 simultaneous projectiles from one attack animation. The AS from Runaan’s also enables consistent double-stacking with W and Clean Cuts simultaneously.
• Infinity Edge: After establishing sufficient crit baseline (60%+ from Kraken + another crit item), IE upgrades crit damage from 200% to 230%. For Xayah specifically, IE amplifies E’s crit damage scaling beyond the standard 200% crit — the same (200% + 30%) formula from Clean Cuts’ secondary Feather crits upgrades to (230% + 30%) = 260% crit multiplier on secondary feather crits from empowered autos. E’s damage increase at 100% crit with IE approaches 70–80% bonus damage per Feather vs base E.

Situational Items

• Lord Dominik’s Regards: Armor penetration for teams stacking HP and armor in response to Xayah’s physical burst. Giant Slayer component deals bonus damage vs targets with more HP — in teamfights where the tank engages first, bonus damage vs high-HP targets ensures Bladecaller deals meaningful damage to the frontline Feathers while saving maximum-Feather E setups for the carry.
• Mortal Reminder: Grievous Wounds application via auto attacks (Clean Cuts Feather on-attack applies GW) against healing-heavy compositions (Soraka, Yuumi, Sona support). The GW fires from the Clean Cuts Feather itself on secondary targets — Xayah simultaneously applies healing reduction to multiple targets in a Clean Cuts kite pattern without using a separate ability.
• Guardian Angel: Provides the second life that amplifies R’s reactive dodge strategy: R used to dodge a burst ability means GA wasn’t needed (R absorbed it). If R is not available when burst arrives, GA provides the safety net. R + GA layered means Xayah has two sequential survival mechanics — the combination creates a champion that assassins struggle to kill within a single window.

⚔️ Counter Picks & Matchups

✅ Xayah Counters

1. Miss Fortune

Miss Fortune’s Bullet Time (R) channel requires her to remain stationary for 3 seconds — Xayah’s Featherstorm untargetability completely negates Bullet Time’s damage if R is activated during the channel. Post-R landing immediately plants 5 Feathers around MF’s stationary position. E recall through her position (she’s stationary during Bullet Time) guarantees all 5 Feathers hit the same target — 1.25-second root + full 5-Feather burst damage against a stationary target who cannot dodge. Miss Fortune’s lack of mobility makes Feather field accumulation easy — she can’t move out of the planted zone.

2. Jhin

Jhin’s fixed 4-shot reload creates predictable windows where he must reload — during reload, Jhin cannot meaningfully pressure Xayah’s Feather positioning. Xayah’s 1100 Q range exceeds Jhin’s 550 attack range, enabling Q poke during reload windows. Curtain Call (R) channel is a stationary channel that Featherstorm completely dodges. The Feathers from R plant along the channel path — E recall through Jhin’s sniper position roots him regardless of where he aimed Curtain Call.

3. Aphelios

Aphelios’s primary strength is versatility across weapon combinations, but none of his weapons provide a reliable way to chase Xayah through Feather fields. Infernum (fire weapon) AoE splash is a persistent damage tool that Clean Cuts + W kiting patterns avoid effectively by maintaining distance. Featherstorm dodges Moonlight Vigil (R) burst. Xayah’s Feather field recall roots Aphelios mid-weapon-cycle, interrupting the weapon rotation timing that his burst windows depend on.

❌ Xayah is Countered By

1. Yasuo

Wind Wall (W) blocks Double Daggers (both Feathers), Bladecaller recall Feathers passing through it, and R’s 5 Feathers — every Xayah projectile is blocked by a single Wind Wall placement. Yasuo can position Wind Wall between himself and Xayah’s Feather field, nullifying E recall entirely. The Feathers still exist in the ground after being stopped — but they cannot pass through Wind Wall on the return trip, permanently blocking the recall through that corridor. Yasuo forces Xayah to pre-position Feathers behind his Wind Wall or abandon E usage entirely.

2. Draven

Draven’s lane dominance in the early game (level 1–6) is built on inflicting significant HP leads before Xayah’s kit scales. Draven’s Stand Aside (E) displacement knocks Xayah off her intended Feather placement position, requiring re-setup. His Spinning Axes provide burst damage that threatens Xayah’s 630 base HP early. At equal positioning, Draven’s early auto-attack burst exceeds Xayah’s pre-crit damage output, creating a lane deficit that carries into mid game before Xayah’s crit scaling becomes meaningful.

3. Caitlyn

Caitlyn’s 650 attack range (longest in the game for auto-attacks) safely exceeds Xayah’s 525 range and Q’s minimum poke distance. At 650 range, Caitlyn auto-attacks freely outside Xayah’s retaliation range. Yordle Snap Trap (W) placed in Xayah’s intended Feather field positions provides a snare deterrent for approaching the zone. Caitlyn Headshot (passive) at long range outpaces Xayah’s Clean Cuts poke frequency in the early lane, creating health leads before Xayah reaches her crit threshold.

FAQ

Q: Do R Feathers plant in the same place each cast or where they hit?

A: Featherstorm fires 5 Feathers in a 30° cone — each individual Feather travels until it hits an enemy or reaches max range and plants where it lands. Against an enemy directly in front: the 5 Feathers spread across the 30° angle, some hitting the enemy (dealing damage) and the remaining traveling past to plant in the ground beyond the target. Against zero enemies: all 5 Feathers plant at max range in a spread pattern. The immediate E recall after R recalls all planted Feathers from wherever they landed — if some hit an enemy and some flew past, only the ones that landed in the ground (didn’t hit someone) are recalled. Feathers that hit a target do NOT plant — they deal damage and disappear on hit.

Q: How many Feathers does a full combo generate?

A: Counting Feathers per ability: Q fires 2 Feathers (+ 3 Clean Cuts stacks), W enables faster Clean Cuts consumption (each empowered auto = 1 Feather), E requires Feathers (no new Feathers), R fires 5 Feathers (plants all 5). In a full rotation: Q (2 Feathers) → W → 5 empowered autos (5 Feathers from Clean Cuts stacks) → R (5 Feathers) = 12 total Feathers available for E recall. Against a single target hit by all 12: 100+90+80+70+60+50+40+30+20+10+0 (cap) — but practically the 3-Feather root triggers at 3, the decay reaches 0% at 10+ Feathers. 3 Feathers on target = root + damage is the practical optimization target per enemy in the spread.

Q: What is the correct ability leveling order?

A: Max E (Bladecaller) first — the damage per Feather (50→110 + 40% bonus AD) and cooldown reduction (12s→8s) are the primary DPS scaling. Each E rank is a direct damage increase on every Feather recall. Max W (Deadly Plumage) second — the bonus AS (35→55%) increases Clean Cuts stack consumption speed and Q cast time reduction, plus the additional on-hit Feather damage scales per rank. Max Q (Double Daggers) last — the damage per hit (45→105) and cooldown (10s→8s) improve, but E and W contribute more raw DPS per rank. R at 6, 11, 16.

Q: Can Xayah Flash during Featherstorm?

A: No — during Featherstorm, Xayah cannot use abilities (Flash is a summoner spell treated as an ability for this purpose). She can only move during the 1.5-second untargetable window. The movement during R is used for optimal Feather cone angle adjustment and post-landing positioning, not Flash escape. Flash must be used before committing R — if Flash and R are both needed for escape, Flash first to reposition, then R to dodge the follow-up burst while untargetable in the new position.

Q: Does Bladecaller E work globally? Can I recall Feathers from across the map?A: Yes — Bladecaller has Global effect radius. All planted Feathers anywhere on the map are recalled to Xayah’s current position when E is activated. A Feather planted by Q in the top lane recall path, if Xayah teleports to another location, would travel the entire map distance to reach Xayah. This global mechanic is primarily meaningful for Feathers planted during the same fight — the 6-second Feather duration means cross-map Feather timing is rarely practical, but the global range ensures Feathers planted at max Q range (1100 units away) are recalled regardless of Xayah’s subsequent movement.